Bioaccumulation

Overall model for estimation of soil-to-earthworm BAFs for non-ionic organic analytes (EPA 2003):

$image\v4ht0262.gif$

where BAFworm = soil to earthworm bioaccumulation factor ( $image\v4ht0263.gif$ )

foc = fraction organic carbon in soil. Default is set to 1%.

Kow = octanol-water partitioning coefficient.

Model for estimation of soil-to-plant foliage BAFs for non-ionic organic analytes (EPA 2003):

$image\v4ht0264.gif$

where BAFplant = soil to plant foliage bioaccumulation factor ( $image\v4ht0265.gif$ )

Kow = octanol-water partitioning coefficient.

Sources for soil-to-plant bioaccumulation factors

Bioaccumulation factors were obtained from a variety of sources. Preference was given to regression models from EPA’s soil screening level guidance (EPA 2003) and Bechtel-Jacobs (1998). Other sources included IAEA (1994), NCRP (1989), and Baes et al. (1984). Values for non-ionic organic compounds not included in the list below were calculated based on Kow using the relationship developed for EPA’s soil screening levels (EPA 2003): BAFplant = 10 –0.4965 log Kow + 2.563. Values are presented on a dry weight basis.

Analyte	BAF type	Source
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance.
4,4-DDD	soil-to-plant	Assumed value same as for DDE.
4,4-DDE	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL
4,4-DDT	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Aluminum	soil-to-plant	Baes et al. (1984)
Anthracene	soil-to-plant	Regression model from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Antimony	soil-to-plant	Regression model from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Arsenic	soil-to-plant	Median value from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998)
Barium	soil-to-plant	Median value from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998)
Benz[a]anthracene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Benzo(ghi)perylene	soil-to-plant	Regression model from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Benzo[a]pyrene	soil-to-plant	Regression model from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Benzo[b]fluoranthene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Benzo[k]fluoranthene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Beryllium	soil-to-plant	Baes et al. 1984
Cadmium	soil-to-plant	Regression model from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998).
Calcium	soil-to-plant	Baes et al. 1984
Chromium III	soil-to-plant	Median value from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998)
Chrysene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Cobalt	soil-to-plant	Median value from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998)
Copper	soil-to-plant	Regression model from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998).
Dibenz[ah]anthracene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Dieldrin	soil-to-plant	Regression model from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Fluoranthene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Fluorene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Iodine	soil-to-plant	Expected value from IAEA (1994).
Iron	soil-to-plant	Expected value from IAEA (1994).
Lanthanum	soil-to-plant	Foliage: expected value for mixed green vegetables from IAEA (1994); Seeds: expected value for beans from IAEA (1994).
Lead	soil-to-plant	Regression model from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998).
Lithium	soil-to-plant	Baes et al. (1984)
Magnesium	soil-to-plant	Baes et al. (1984)
Manganese	soil-to-plant	Median value from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998)
Mercury	soil-to-plant	Dry forage value from NCRP (1989)
Molybdenum	soil-to-plant	Expected value from IAEA (1994).
Naphthalene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Nickel	soil-to-plant	Regression model from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998).
Niobium	soil-to-plant	Expected value for rape from IAEA (1994).
Pentachlorophenol	soil-to-plant	Estimated from Kow: EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance. Note: EPA guidance is unclear whether median should be 9.615 from Table 8 or 0.24 from Table 11. SADA currently references Table 8.
Phenanthrene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Phosphorus (total)	soil-to-plant	Dry forage value from NCRP (1989)
Potassium	soil-to-plant	Dry forage value from NCRP (1989)
Pyrene	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
RDX (Cyclonite)	soil-to-plant	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance.
Selenium	soil-to-plant	Regression model from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998).
Silver	soil-to-plant	Median value from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998)
Sodium	soil-to-plant	Expected value from IAEA (1994).
Strontium	soil-to-plant	Foliage: expected value for grass from IAEA (1994). Seeds: expected value for peas from IAEA (1994).
Sulfur	soil-to-plant	Dry forage value from NCRP (1989)
Technetium	soil-to-plant	Foliage: expected value for spinach from IAEA (1994). Seeds: expected value for peas from IAEA (1994).
Thallium	soil-to-plant	Baes et al. (1984)
Tin	soil-to-plant	Dry forage value from NCRP (1989)
Titanium	soil-to-plant	Baes et al. (1984)
Tungsten	soil-to-plant	Baes et al. (1984)
Uranium	soil-to-plant	Foliage: expected value for grass from IAEA (1994). Seeds: expected value for cereal from IAEA (1994).
Vanadium	soil-to-plant	Baes et al. (1984)
Zinc	soil-to-plant	Regression model from Bechtel-Jacobs (1998).
Zirconium	soil-to-plant	Expected value from IAEA (1994).

References:

Baes, C.F., III, R.D. Sharp, A.L. Sjoreen, and R.W. Shor. 1984. A Review and Analysis of Parameters for Assessing Transport of Environmentally Released Radionuclides through Agriculture, ORNL-5786, Health and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 150pp.

Bechtel-Jacobs. 1998. Empirical Models for the Uptake of Inorganic Chemicals from Soil by Plants. Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC, Oak Ridge, TN. BJC/OR-133

EPA. 2003. Guidance for Developing Ecological Soil Screening Levels. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. OSWER Directive 92857-55. Table 8 in Attachment 4-1 Exposure factors and bioaccumulation models for derivation of wildlife Eco-SSL. http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/ecossl/pdf/ecossl_attachment_4-1.pdf

IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). 1994. Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer in Temperate Environments. Technical Report Series No. 364.

NCRP. 1989. Screening techniques for determining compliance with environmental standards. Releases of radionuclides to the atmosphere. NCRP Commentary No. 3. Jan. 1989. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD.

Sources for soil-to-invertebrate bioaccumulation factors

Bioaccumulation factors were obtained from a variety of sources. Preference was given to regression models from EPA’s soil screening level guidance (EPA 2003) and Sample et al. (1999). Median values from Sample et al. (1998) were included for several analytes. Values for non-ionic organic compounds not included in the list below were calculated based on Kow using the relationship developed for EPA’s soil screening levels (EPA 2003):

$image\v4ht0266.gif$

where BAFworm = soil to earthworm bioaccumulation factor ( $image\v4ht0263.gif$ )

foc = fraction organic carbon in soil. Default is set to 1%.

Kow = octanol-water partitioning coefficient.

Analyte	BAF type	Source
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
4,4-DDD	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
4,4-DDE	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
4,4-DDT	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Acenaphthene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Anthracene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Arsenic	soil-to-earthworm	Regression from Sample et al. 1999
Barium	soil-to-earthworm	Median value from Sample et al. 1998:earthworms
Benz[a]anthracene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Benzo(ghi)perylene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Benzo[a]pyrene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Benzo[b]fluoranthene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Benzo[k]fluoranthene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Beryllium	soil-to-earthworm	Median value from Sample et al. 1998:earthworms
Cadmium	soil-to-earthworm	Regression from Sample et al. 1999
Chromium III	soil-to-earthworm	Median value from Sample et al. 1999
Chrysene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Cobalt	soil-to-earthworm	Median value from Sample et al. 1998:earthworms
Copper	soil-to-earthworm	Median value from Sample et al. 1999
Dibenz[ah]anthracene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Dieldrin	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Lead	soil-to-earthworm	Regression from Sample et al. 1999
Manganese	soil-to-earthworm	Regression from Sample et al. 1999
Naphthalene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Nickel	soil-to-earthworm	Median value from Sample et al. 1999
PAHs, Total	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Pentachlorophenol	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Phenanthrene	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
RDX (Cyclonite)	soil-to-earthworm	Median from EPA (2003) Eco-SSL guidance.
Selenium	soil-to-earthworm	Regression from Sample et al. 1999
Silver	soil-to-earthworm	Median value from Sample et al. 1998:earthworms
Zinc	soil-to-earthworm	Regression from Sample et al. 1999

References:

Sample, B.E., J.J. Beauchamp, R.A. Efroymson, G.W. Suter,II, and T.L. Ashwood. 1998. Development and Validation of Bioaccumulation Models for Earthworms. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN. 93 pp, ES/ER/TM-220

Sample, B.E., J.J. Beauchamp, R.A. Efroymson, G.W. Suter,II. 1999. Literature-derived bioaccumulation models for earthworms: development and validation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18:2110-2120.

Sources for soil-to-mammal and diet-to-mammal bioaccumulation factors

Bioaccumulation factors were obtained from a variety of sources. Preference was given to soil-to-tissue regression models from EPA’s soil screening level guidance (EPA 2003) and Sample et al. (1998) followed by point estimates of soil-to-tissue biotransfer. Where soil-to-tissue values were lacking, diet-to-tissue values from IAEA (1994), NCRP (1989), and Baes et al. (1984) were included.

Analyte	BAF type	Source
4,4-DDD	diet-to-mammal	Assumed same as value for DDT from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
4,4-DDE	diet-to-mammal	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
4,4-DDT	diet-to-mammal	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Aluminum	diet-to-mammal	Baes et al. 1984
Antimony	diet-to-mammal	Baes et al. 1984
Arsenic	soil-to-mammal	Regression for mammals from Sample et al. 1998
Barium	diet-to-mammal	Baes et al. 1984
Beryllium	diet-to-mammal	Baes et al. 1984
Boron	diet-to-mammal	Baes et al. 1984
Cadmium	soil-to-mammal	Regression for herbivorous mammals from Sample et al. 1998
Calcium	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Chlorine	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Chromium III	soil-to-mammal	Regression for mammals from Sample et al. 1998
Cobalt	soil-to-mammal	Regression for mammals from Sample et al. 1998
Copper	soil-to-mammal	Regression for mammals from Sample et al. 1998
Dieldrin	diet-to-mammal	Median from EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance
Iodine	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Iron	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Lead	soil-to-mammal	Regression for mammals from Sample et al. 1998
Lithium	diet-to-mammal	Baes et al. (1984).
Magnesium	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Manganese	soil-to-mammal	Median value for mammals from Sample et al. 1998
Mercury	diet-to-mammal	From NCRP (1989) beef transfer factor.
Molybdenum	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Nickel	soil-to-mammal	Regression for mammals from Sample et al. 1998
Niobium	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Pentachlorophenol	diet-to-bird	Regression from Stedman et al. (1980) as reported in EPA (2003) ECO-SSL guidance: tissue (dry wgt.) = 0.00452 x Cdiet + 0.198
Phosphorus (total)	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Potassium	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Selenium	soil-to-mammal	Regression for mammals from Sample et al. 1998
Silver	soil-to-mammal	Median value for mammals from Sample et al. 1998
Sodium	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Strontium	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Technetium	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Thallium	diet-to-mammal	Baes et al. (1984).
Tin	diet-to-mammal	From NCRP (1989) beef transfer factor.
Titanium	diet-to-mammal	Baes et al. (1984).
Tungsten	diet-to-mammal	Baes et al. (1984).
Uranium	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.
Vanadium	diet-to-mammal	Baes et al. (1984).
Zinc	soil-to-mammal	Regression for herbivorous mammals from Sample et al. 1998
Zirconium	diet-to-mammal	From IAEA (1994) beef transfer factor.

References:

EPA. 2003. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Vol. 1. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. December 1993.

IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). 1994. Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer in Temperate Environments. Technical Report Series No. 364.

Sample, B.E., J.J. Beauchamp, R.A. Efroymson, G W. Suter II, and T.L. Ashwood. 1998. Development and Validation of Bioaccumulation Models for Small Mammals, ES/ER/TM-219, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.